Understanding PCOS: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Options

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It occurs when a woman’s hormones are out of balance, leading to a range of physical and metabolic symptoms. PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility in women, but with proper management, many women can live healthy, fulfilling lives.

What is PCOS?

PCOS is a hormonal imbalance that affects the ovaries, causing them to produce excess androgens (male hormones). This can lead to the formation of small cysts on the ovaries, which may interfere with normal ovulation. While the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Common Symptoms of PCOS

• Irregular menstrual cycles: Periods may be infrequent, heavy, or prolonged.
• Excess hair growth: Known as hirsutism, this often appears on the face, chest, and back.
• Acne: Hormonal imbalances can lead to persistent, severe acne.
• Weight gain: Many women with PCOS struggle with weight loss or difficulty maintaining a healthy weight.
• Difficulty conceiving: Irregular ovulation makes it harder to get pregnant.
• Mood changes: Anxiety, depression, and mood swings are common due to hormonal fluctuations.

What Causes PCOS?

The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute:

• Hormonal imbalances: Elevated androgen levels and insulin resistance are key drivers of PCOS.
• Genetics: Women with a family history of PCOS are more likely to develop it.
• Inflammation: Chronic low-grade inflammation may disrupt hormonal balance.
• Environmental factors: Diet, stress, and lifestyle choices can influence the development of PCOS.

How is PCOS Diagnosed?

Diagnosing PCOS involves a combination of methods:

• Medical history and physical exam: A doctor will review symptoms and check for signs like excess hair growth or acne.
• Blood tests: These measure hormone levels (androgens, insulin, thyroid hormones), cholesterol, and glucose levels.
• Ultrasound: An abdominal or vaginal ultrasound can detect ovarian cysts and assess the thickness of the uterine lining.
• Diagnosis criteria: Doctors use the Rotterdam criteria, which require at least two of the following: irregular periods, elevated androgens, or polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.

Treatment Options for PCOS

Treatment for PCOS depends on the individual’s symptoms and goals. Common approaches include:

• Lifestyle changes: A balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce symptoms.
• Medications: Birth control pills regulate hormones, metformin helps with insulin resistance, and anti-androgens reduce excess hair growth.
• Fertility treatments: Clomiphene or letrozole may be prescribed to induce ovulation in women trying to conceive.
• Surgery: In rare cases, laparoscopic ovarian drilling may be used to restore ovulation.

When to See a Gynaecologist for PCOS

If you experience any of the following, consult a gynaecologist promptly:

• Irregular or absent menstrual periods.
• Difficulty getting pregnant after six months of trying.
• Excessive hair growth, acne, or weight gain that’s hard to manage.
• Signs of insulin resistance, such as fatigue, frequent urination, or high blood sugar levels.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage PCOS effectively. For personalized care and expert guidance, visit Dr. Prathima Srinivas at Dhaara Speciality Hospital, Yelahanka, Bangalore. Book an appointment today to take control of your health and well-being.